En minskning av miljögifter som PCB och mjukgörande ftalater skulle minskat antalet fall av diabetes, och ge en stor kostnadsbesparing inom sjukvården, enligt forskare vid Uppsala universitet.
 
Det har under flera år kommit allt fler bra studier som visar oroväckande samband mellan miljögifter och ohälsa. Av förklarliga skäl kan man inte göra interventionsstudier med miljögifter på människor, utan det handlar om sambandsstudier (epidemiologiska studier) eller om djurstudier.

– Men det fortsätter att vara ett lågt intresse för denna typ av forskning, vi behöver ökade möjligheter att göra fler och större studier och det behövs dessutom djurstudier som kan påvisa orsakssamband samt förklara de bakomliggande mekanismerna. Nu kan vi visa att det kunde vara lönsamt också, att satsa på detta område, säger Monica Lind, docent i miljömedicin på avdelningen för arbets- och miljömedicin vid Akademiska sjukhuset.
 
Miljögifter bakom 13 procent av typ 2 diabetes
Det har tidigare visats av flera forskargrupper runt om i världen, inklusive den som leds av Monica Lind och Lars Lind vid Uppsala universitet, att höga halter av olika typer av miljögifter i blodet, som exempelvis PCB:er och långlivade insektsbekämpningsmedel, är relaterade till en hög risk att ha få diabetes.

Forskargruppen har nu tillsammans med den amerikanske miljöforskaren Leonardo Trasande, New York University, gjort en kostnadskalkyl med utgångspunkt från den så kallade PIVUS-studien där ett stor antal miljögifter har undersökts hos cirka 1000 äldre individer i Uppsala, liksom förekomsten av diabetes i gruppen. Denna, liksom en liknande studie i tidskriften the Lancet förra veckan, har fått stor internationell uppmärksamhet.

Resultatet visar att höga halter av PCB:er, långlivade insektsbekämpningsmedel, ftalater (mjukgörare i plaster och i kosmetika/hudvårdsprodukter) och fluorerade ämnen (bland annat i brandskum och i vattenavstötande material) tillsammans kan förklara 13 procent av diabetsförekomsten. Detta kan jämföras med fetma, den vanligaste riskfaktorn för diabetes, som förklarar 40 procent.
 
Sjukvården skulle spara 45 miljarder kronor
– En minskning av dessa miljögifter med 25 procent skulle enligt våra beräkningar kunna minska diabetsförekomsten i Europa med cirka 150 000 individer och leda till en kostnadsbesparing på 45 miljarder svenska kronor per år inom sjukvården, säger Lars Lind, professor i medicin vid institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, Uppsala universitet.
Beräkningarna baseras på hur stor andel av risken som kan förklara ett sjukdomsfall av diabetes, och offentliga uppskattningar på vårdkostnad per år för en kronisk sjukdom som diabetes.
– Kalkylen är som alltid inom hälsoekonomi komplicerad och innehåller flera osäkerhetsfaktorer, men man ser en tydlig bild, dvs att miljögifter leder till stora kostnader i vården. Då vi sett att miljögifter är kopplade till flera andra sjukdomar än diabetes skulle en minskning av dessa miljögifter kunna leda till stora besparingar inom vården på sikt, säger Monica Lind.
 
Länk till undersökningen i tidskriften Journal of Epidemiol Community Health
Population attributable risks and costs of diabetogenic chemical exposures in the elderly
 
Press release Uppsula universitet
Nyhetsinfo
www red DiabetologNytt

ABSTRACT
Population attributable risks and costs of diabetogenic chemical exposures in the elderly
Leonardo Trasande1,2,3,4, Erik Lampa5, Lars Lind6, P Monica Lind7
+Author Affiliations
1New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
2NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, New York, USA
3Department of Nutrition, NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, Food & Public Health, New York, New York, USA
4NYU College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
5Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden
6Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
7Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Correspondence toDr Leonardo Trasande, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 403 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Den här e-postadressen skyddas mot spambots. Du måste tillåta JavaScript för att se den.
Received 27 June 2016Revised 22 August 2016Accepted 23 August 2016Published Online First 27 October 2016
Abstract
Background A previous analysis examined the contribution of endocrine disruptor exposures (endocrine-disrupting chemicals, EDCs) to adult diabetes, but was limited to effects of phthalates in middle-aged women and did not simultaneously examine multiple EDCs which are known to coexist in the environment. We therefore endeavoured to quantify potential reductions in diabetes and disease costs that could result from reducing synthetic chemical diabetogenic exposures in the elderly in Europe.
 
Methods We leveraged the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study (∼1000 participants), which has measured exposure to phthalates; dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and perfluoroalkyl substances to examine their independent contribution to diabetes. We estimated risk reductions assuming identical 25% reductions across levels of 4 selected compounds (PCB 153, monoethylphthalate, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and perfluorononanoic acid), and diabetes costs saved in European men and women if diabetogenic exposures are limited.
 
Results Reduction of chemical exposures was associated with a 13% (95% CI 2% to 22%) reduction in prevalent diabetes, compared with 40% resulting from an identical (25%) reduction in body mass index (BMI) in cross-sectional analyses. Extrapolating to Europe, 152 481 cases of diabetes in Europe and €4.51 billion/year in associated costs could be prevented, compared with 469 172 cases prevented by reducing BMI.
 
Conclusions These findings support regulatory and individual efforts to reduce chemical exposures to reduce the burden and costs of diabetes.
 
Discussion
The present study confirms substantial contribution, especially of mixtures of EDCs, to adult type 2 diabetes, and large annual costs of medical care.4 While some will question extrapolation on limited data, our findings regarding chemical diabetogens are not unique and have also been found by several other research groups.5 ,17–22 These epidemiological findings are likely to be causal, since they are in line with experimental mechanistic data.23–32
All the same, we acknowledge that residual confounding may have resulted in effect overestimation for the chemical exposures studied. The calculated PAFs may not apply to older age ranges insofar as biomarker levels have decreased ecologically. Exposures much earlier than study entry may have contributed to those measured in biomarkers at study entry.
It should be emphasised that PCBs have already been banned, under the Stockholm Convention.33 ,34 The pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene, for which the measured levels of p,p′-DDE are proxy, has also been banned, except for the eradication of malaria in some parts of southern Africa. Long-chain perfluoroalkyl compounds, including PFNA, have completed a voluntary phase-out in the USA, though the expected reductions in serum PFNA have not been identified.35 ,36
Yet, healthcare providers can advise patients to reduce their exposure to diabetogenic contaminants identified in this study. Choosing personal care products labelled as ‘phthalate free’ has reduced urinary levels of MEP by 27% in young girls in one study.37 Other phthalates known to be metabolic disruptors are known food contaminants, and a fresh food intervention has produced even larger reductions in exposure.38 Short-chain PFASs contaminate food through packaging and contact surfaces, and are increasingly found in food.39 Consumption of a diet according to WHO recommendations has been associated with lower levels of PFASs and PCBs.40 ,41
Our findings also speak the need for a strong regulatory framework that proactively identifies chemical hazards before they are widely used, and the use of safer alternatives. The European Union is actively considering regulations to limit such exposures,4 and the USA recently revised the Toxic Substances Control Act,42 but does not consider endocrine disruption. In the absence of such a framework, newly developed synthetic chemicals may emerge as diabetogenic exposures, replacing banned or substituted hazards as contributors.
 
Conclusions
Environmental contaminants contribute substantially to diabetes in the elderly, with costs in Europe likely to be in billions of Euros.